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| Internal
study, 1995 |
Studies of the Oxylator® EM-100 Resuscitation System
CPR Medical Devices, Inc.
161 Don Park Road, Markham, Ontario, Canada
Introduction
| Protocol | Methods
| Results | Discussion
| Conclusions
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Introduction
The EM-100 Oxylator® is a compact, hand-held resuscitator/inhalator
intended for use by emergency response personnel whenever a
patient's ventilatory ability has been compromised. The EM-100
may be used as a resuscitator or, for a patient who is breathing
spontaneously but is in need of supplemental oxygen enrichment,
as an inhalator. It is a stand-alone unit, requires a source
of appropriately-regulated oxygen to function (pressure of 50
psi), and offers the care-giver great flexibility in responding
to the patient's needs.
The Oxylator® contains a valve that delivers compressed
100% oxygen at a maximum flow rate of 40 litres per minute from
a pressure source of 50 psi. The system also permits the adjustment
of it's maximum inspiratory pressures from a value of 25 cmH2O
to 50 cmH2O.
The system has four different operation modes:
| 1. |
Manual mode |
| 2. |
Manual mode with the addition of
a baseline pressure (PEEP) |
| 3. |
Automatic cycling mode with a baseline
pressure (PEEP) |
| 4. |
Inhalation mode which provides oxygen
enriched air |
The third mode, automatic cycling, was used in our investigations.
This mode was used in order to study the efficacy of the EM-100
in delivering adequate ventilation simultaneously with continuous
chest compressions.
The EM-100 Oxylator® system meets all of the standard recommendations
and guidelines for oxygen powered resuscitation devices published
in JAMA 268, 2199-2241, 1992.
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Protocol
Investigation 1:
using the Oxylator® EM-100 resuscitation device (automatic
cycling mode) and a simulated human mannequin.
A modified 'foam-filled' human simulated mannequin (Adam) was
used in these experiments. A cavity was formed inside of the
mannequin by removing some of the underlying foam material.
The cavity was later filled with 2 (2 litres) 'Penlon' anaesthesia
test lungs. Their expansion limit was controlled by covering
the open end cavity with a thick card board.
The mannequin's endotraceal tube was connected to the respirometer
first and then to the Oxylator® EM-100. The mannequin is
equipped with a one way valve that is capable of creating an
airway blockage, if the head of the mannequin is not appropriately
tilted. The Oxylator® was set at the automatic cycling mode,
at a pressure of 50 cmH2O. The EM-100 gives both
a visual an audible indication of such an obstruction by 'clicking'
rapidly.
Investigation 2: using the Oxylator®
EM-100 resuscitation device (automatic cycling mode), a simulated
human mannequin and a Thumper™ (cardiopulmonary resuscitator
system) set at 5:1 ratio (5 compressions to 1 ventilation cycle).
Same as for Investigation 1, but with the addition of the Thumper™.
The Thumper™ is a cardiopulmonary resuscitator system
that is placed on the patient's sternum and compressions occur
at a rate of 80 compressions per minute. Between each 5 continuous
chest compressions, the Thumper™ stops and delivers 1
complete cycle of ventilation. The Thumper™ is also capable
of delivering continuous chest compressions with no interruptions.
The Thumper™ was also set to deliver 80 chest compressions
per minute, at a vertical displacement of the chest, of about
1.5-2 inches. (The contact surface area of the Thumper™
pad, was 3 cm x 2 cm.)
Investigation 3: using
the Oxylator® EM-100 resuscitation device (automatic cycling
mode), a simulated human mannequin and a Thumper™ (cardiopulmonary
resuscitator system) in continuous chest compressions mode.
Same conditions as in Investigation 2, except in this case the
Thumper™ was allowed to deliver continuous chest compressions
at a rate of 80 compressions per minute in conjunction with
the automatic cycling of the Oxylator®.
The three investigations were designed to determine the efficacy
of the Oxylator® EM-100 in delivering adequate oxygenation
in cardiopulmonary resuscitation attempts, in three different
settings:
| 1. |
By itself |
| 2. |
With the Thumper™ set at 5:1
ratio (five chest compressions to one breath) |
| 3. |
With the Thumper™ set at co | | | |
